Samenvatting Engels Grammar 99/122 (klas 5)

99.      Adjectives

·         Order of adjectives; opinion adjectives before fact adjectives. With 2 fact adjectives; 1 how big, 2 how old, 3 what colour, 4 where from, 5 what is it made of.

·         Adjectives after be/get/become/seem, to describe how something looks/feels/sounds/tastes/smells but how somebody does something, you describe with an adverb

100.  Adjectives and adverbs 1

·         Adverb formed by adjective + -ly, but not all words ending in –ly are adverbs. Use adjectives to tell something about a noun. Use adverbs to tell something about a verb, before adjectives, before other adverbs and before a past participle (ppp)

101.  Adjectives and adverbs 2

·         Well is the adverb of good, but well in the meaning of “in good health” is an adjective

·         Fast, hard, late, lately (= recently) are both adjectives and adverbs

·         Hardly = almost not or certainly not, hard = difficult or a lot. You can use hardly + verb or hardly + any/anybody/anything/anyone/anywhere. Hardly ever = almost never

102.  So and such

·         So + adjective or adverb, so long and so far

·         Such + noun, such a long time, such a long way

·         So and such make the meaning stronger or they mean “like this”

103.  Enough and too

·         Enough before nouns, after adjectives and adverbs or alone

·         Too = more than necessary, not enough = less than necessary

·         Enough and too + for somebody/something, enough and too + to do something. In a sentence with too… to (too hot to eat (it)), you leave it out

104.  Quite, pretty, rather and fairly

·         Quite and pretty are similar in meaning, it’s more than “a little”, but less than “very”. Quite/pretty + adjectives or adverbs.

·         Pretty is an informal word (mainly in spoken English). Pretty goes after a/an

·         Quite + noun without adjective (quite a surprise) or quite + verb (I quite like) are also possible. Quite + sure, certain, right, wrong, true, safe, clear, obvious, different, unnecessary, incredible, extraordinary, amazing or impossible means “completely”.  Not quite = not completely. Quite goes before a/an.

·         Rather is similar to quite and pretty, we use it for negative ideas. In positive meaning, it means “unusually” or “surprisingly”

·         Fairly is weaker than quite/rather/pretty, it could be better

105.  Comparison 1: cheaper, more expensive

·         Comparative goes with “than”. 1 syllable = -er (cheaper), 2 syllables like narrow, clever, quiet, shallow, simple = -er or more (quieter/more quiet), more than 2 syllables = more (more expensive).

·         Irregular comparative forms; good/well -> better, bad(ly) -> worse, far -> further/farther (further can also mean any more)

106.  Comparison 2: much better, any better, better and better, the sooner the better

·         You can use much/a lot/far/a bit/a little/slightly/any/no + comparative. We repeat comparatives to say that something is changing continuously (more and more).

·         The… the  means “hoe… des te…” (the sooner the better) or to say that one thing depends on another thing (the warmer the weather, the better I feel)

·         Elder is older for family, but you don’t say “my sister is elder”

107.  Comparison 3: as… as/than

·         Not as… as = less… than = not so (not as old as). We use as… as (but not so… as) in positive sentences and questions. Also twice as… as (twice as expensive as). We say the same as, not the same like. You can say than me and than I am.

108.  Superlatives

·         1 syllable = -est (longest), 2 syllables like narrow, clever, quiet, shallow, simple = -est, 2 syllables or more = most (most important).

·         We use the + superlative (the biggest place). Irregular adjectives: good -> best, bad -> worst, far -> furthest/farthest. For old -> eldest see comparison 2. After superlatives we normally use in + place/groups of people or for + period.

·         We often use the present perfect after a superlative (the best holiday I’ve had)

109.  Word order 1: verb + object, place and time

·         Between the verb and the object we do not put other words.

·         Time after place (unless you put time at the very beginning of a sentence)

110.  Word order 2: adverbs with the verb

·         Some adverbs go with the verb in the middle of a sentence. Is the verb 1 word -> adverb before the verb. These go before have to… and after am/is/are/was/were. Is the verb 2 or more verbs -> adverb after 1^st verb. NB: Probably goes before a negative (isn’t etc.)

·         All goes before 1 verb, both goes after 1 verb.

·         Sometimes we use is/will/did instead of repeating a part of a sentence (Tom says he isn’t clever, but I think he is). In that case, always/ never are put before the verb

111.  Still, yet, already, any more, any longer, no longer

·         Still: in the middle of a sentence, meaning: situation/action is continuing

·         Not any more/not any longer: any more/- longer at the end of the sentence, meaning: situation has changed. No longer/no more: in the middle of a sentence

·         Yet: at the end of a sentence, meaning: until now, speaker is expecting something to happen, used in questions and negative sentences. Still can also be used before negative, meaning: not yet (impatience)

·         Already: in the middle of a  sentence, meaning: something happened sooner than expected

112.  Even

·         It’s unusual/surprising, in the middle of a sentence with the verb or after a negative.

·         You can use even + comparative, even + if/though/when (zelfs), but not even + subject + verb (not even she can’t, but even though she can’t)

113.  Although, though, even though, in spite of, despite

·         Although = though (even though is stronger form) hoewel, although + subject + verb

·         In spite of = despite = ondanks, + noun or + pronoun (this, that) or + -ing (having)

114.  In case

·         When it is possible that (in case someone calls), to say why somebody does something. If = you do something if it happens, not before (niet alvast, maar pas als het gebeurt). Do not use will after in case, but present form.

·         Just in case = smaller possibility. In case of = if there is…

115.  Unless, as long as, provided, providing

·         Unless = if… not, except if

·         As long as = provided = providing = if, on condition that

·         When you talk about the future, do not use will after unless/as long as/provided/providing, but present tense

116.  As

·         As = at the same time as (when 2 things happen at the same time or something happened as you were doing something else)

·         Just as = at the exact same moment, or use as when 2 things happen together in a long period

·         As = because, since

117.  Like and as

·         Preposition: Like = similar to, the same as (+ noun), as = in the position of, in the form of. Like and as can be used with examples

·         As = in the same way, as + subject + verb (as usual, not like usual).

·         After do, as means what. As can be used like this too: as you know, as I said, as she expected enz. You can’t use like in these phrases, except with say

118.  Like/as if/as though

·         Like/as if/as though = to say how somebody/something looks/sounds/feels or does something.

·         After as if/as though (in meaning that the idea is not real), we sometimes use the past when we describe the present. When you use the past like this, you can use were instead of was (like is not used this way, NB like is more informal).

119.  For, during, while

·         For + period of time = how long something goes on

·         During + noun = when something happens. In/during + time words

·         While + subject + verb (use the present when you’re talking about the future)

120.  By, until, by the time

·         By = not later than

·         Until = how long a situation continues

·         By the time = by then/by that time (tegen die tijd, het duurt/duurde lang)

121.  At/on/in (time)

·         At = time of day. Expressions:

At night	At the weekend/at weekends
At Christmas	At the moment
At present	At the same time

·         On = for days and dates. Before days, you can leave “on” out

·         In = longer periods, to say how long it takes to do something (I learnt to drive in 4 weeks)  or within a certain period (in a few minutes)

·         Do not use at/on/in before last/next/this/every. Compare:

In the morning	On Friday morning
In the afternoon	On Sunday afternoon
In the evening	On Monday evening

122.  On time/in time, at the end/in the end

·         On time = punctual, at the time it was planned (opposite = late), in time = soon enough, just in time = almost too late (opposite = too late)

·         At the end = at the time when something ends (opposite = at the beginning), in the end = finally (opposite = at first)